Plus connu de ses contemporains sous le nom de Francesco di Marco da Prato, la figure centrale de l’Archivio Datini naît vers 1335 à Prato d’un obscur boucher1, Marco di Datino di Toscanello, et de sa femme, Vermiglia. Ses parents meurent lors de la peste de 1348 avec deux autres de leurs enfants. Les orphelins Francesco et Stefano (attesté jusqu’en 1360 seulement) sont recueillis par une voisine, monna Piera di Pratese Boschetti, tandis qu’un cousin patrilatéral, Piero di Giunta del Rosso, assure leur tutelle. Après un apprentissage effectué à Florence, Francesco part au printemps 1351 pour Avignon, capitale pontificale qui compte alors plusieurs centaines de Toscans, actifs principalement dans le commerce international, mais aussi le commerce de détail, l’artisanat et les services, ainsi que des professions de lettrés comme le notariat ou la médecine.
Les premières années de ce séjour à l’étranger sont peu documentées, mais l’on voit le jeune marchand accumuler un capital et constituer en 1363 une première compagnie avec Niccolò di Bernardo, puis une autre avec Tuccio di Lambertuccio, enfin de 1367 à 1373 une nouvelle association avec Toro di Berto Teci avec un nouvel apport financier de Tuccio. Sa boutique principale, qualifiée d’armurerie et de mercerie, est spécialisée dans les produits métalliques de toute taille, d’éléments d’armures aux clous et épingles, mais s’étend aussi à la sellerie, tout en vendant d’autres articles comme l’artisanat de luxe parisien, des coffres et tableaux de dévotion florentins et quelques textiles comme des voiles importés de Bologne et de l’Ombrie.
S’il effectue deux voyages en Toscane en 1359 et 1369-1370 pour y suivre ses intérêts patrimoniaux et préparer le retour définitif qui consacrerait la réussite de son projet de migrant, Francesco met des années à se décider à rentrer, en cette période où la conjoncture est d’autant moins lisible que les papes successifs Urbain V et Grégoire XI décident tour à tour de repartir d’Avignon à Rome, avant que l’année 1378 ne suscite l’élection de deux papes rivaux, Urbain VI et Clément VII, qui se partagent bientôt la chrétienté occidentale en deux obédiences. Francesco souhaite en effet maintenir l’agence autour de laquelle il a lancé les bases de sa fortune, tout en développant et diversifiant ses affaires sur d’autres territoires.
Après avoir cherché femme dans sa cité natale, il se décide en 1376 à épouser une jeune Florentine résidant dans son voisinage. Margherita, née vers 1360, était la fille de Domenico di Donato Bandini, décapité à cette date pour complot contre les autorités florentines. La veuve de celui-ci, Dianora fille de Pelliccia Gherardini, avait rejoint vers 1373 sur les bords du Rhône son fils Zanobi avec ses deux filles cadettes Isabetta et Margherita. Margherita ne donnera jamais d’enfant à Francesco, et les enfants naturels de celui-ci, à Avignon et Prato, mourront après quelques mois, à l’exception de sa fille Ginevra, qu’il accueillera finalement dans le foyer familial, avant de la marier en 1407 à son cousin Leonardo di Tommaso di Giunta del Rosso.
Francesco repart finalement à la fin de 1382 avec sa femme et quelques familiers. Il s’établit à Prato en janvier 1383 tout en prenant pied à Florence, pour y établir le bureau central de ses affaires. Après l’ouverture d’une agence supplémentaire à Pise dès cette date, le réseau se complète au cours des années suivantes avec la création de celles de Gênes en 1392 et de Barcelone, Valence et Majorque en 1395. Les différentes compagnies sont principalement montées avec des capitaux de Francesco tout en assumant des formes diverses (les trois agences catalanes constituent ainsi une seule compagnie, successivement financée par la compagnie génoise, puis par la compagnie de Florence avec d’anciens facteurs de ces agences devenus associés). Figure centrale du réseau d’affaires, Francesco veut en assurer la direction à distance à travers des échanges épistolaires réguliers. Hormis la spécialisation plus marquée de la boutique avignonnaise, les autres agences pratiquent l’import-export de produits variés. Francesco a néanmoins investi en parallèle des capitaux à Prato dans les entreprises de tissage et teinture de draps de laine de la lignée de ses cousins Piero di Giunta del Rosso, Niccolò di Piero et Agnolo di Niccolò. Il poursuit cette diversification avec un éphémère banc de change qu’il monte à Florence avec son compatriote Bartolomeo di Francesco Cambioni (1399-1400). Cette période correspond au déploiement maximal de ses affaires, avant un redimensionnement suscité par la disparition de plusieurs collaborateurs lors de la peste de 1400 et les troubles politiques qui agitent Pise dans les années précédant la conquête par Florence de la principale aire portuaire toscane en 1406.
Dans les années 1380 une partie de l’activité de Francesco est absorbée par la supervision du chantier du palais aménagé pour unifier les diverses parcelles peu à peu acquises dans l’îlot où se trouvait déjà celle héritée de son père, avec d’autres maisons du voisinage. Le palais est ensuite couvert de diverses peintures décoratives et figuratives vers 1390. Il devient une arme à double tranchant, trahissant le niveau de vie de Francesco, au risque d’être plus lourdement imposé par les commissions florentines, tout en lui permettant de mettre en avant les services qu’il rend à la communauté urbaine et à la cité dominante, en organisant des réceptions non seulement pour accueillir les notables de son entourage mais aussi des hôtes de la commune florentine comme des ambassadeurs, prélats ou princes de passage. Tout en finançant simultanément des chantiers dans diverses églises et couvents de sa ville, chez les Franciscains en premier lieu, le marchand fait édifier une maison forte de campagne à quelques kilomètres, appelée Il Palco, entourée du principal noyau de ses terres agricoles. Mais c’est surtout dans les dernières années de sa vie qu’il arrondira son patrimoine foncier, en prévision de sa fondation. Toujours partagé entre ses affaires, ses chantiers et la vie collective de sa maisonnée, Francesco préférera s’éloigner de ses résidences habituelles à l’occasion d’épidémies pour deux périodes de près d’un an, à Pistoia en 1390-1391, à Bologne en 1400-1401.
En 1390, en cherchant à résoudre un cycle de vendetta opposant deux familles où il compte des proches, Francesco y implique divers truchements dont le notaire ser Lapo di Mazzeo (ou Mazzei), originaire de Carmignano et établi à Florence, apparenté à la faction des Bellandi et autres originaires de Carmignano. Ce notaire devient pour lui au cours des années suivantes tout à la fois un conseiller en relations publiques et un guide spirituel. C’est ser Lapo qui invite Francesco à revoir à travers un testament et trois codicilles ses dernières volontés lors d’une maladie fin juillet-début août 1410. En mourant le 16 août, il lègue finalement la majorité de sa fortune immobilière et mobilière à la fondation charitable qu’il institue sous le nom de Ceppo di Francesco di Marco, dont la commune de Prato assurera l’encadrement. Il reçoit l’honneur d’être enterré dans le chœur de l’église San Francesco et bientôt d’être représenté en acteur des œuvres de miséricorde sur les façades externes de son palais, avant de l’être en bienfaiteur de la communauté dans une salle du palais du podestat (actuel Palazzo Pretorio). Au XVIe siècle le Ceppo deviendra par fusion avec une autre aumône l’institution des Ceppi, propriétaire jusqu’à nos jours du palais Datini et de l’Archivio Datini.
1 . L’activité d’abattage d’animaux sur sa parcelle à présent englobée dans le palais Datini et la vente de leurs chairs est clairement explicitée par les documents. Marco était dit tavernaio mais d’autres sources suggèrent que ce terme avait alors à Prato le sens de boucher plus que de tavernier.
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